Afrikaans
Arabic
Chinese (Simplified)
English
Hindi
Indonesian
Japanese
Kazakh
Korean
Kyrgyz
Lao
Malay
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nepali
Polish
Russian
Somali
Spanish
Sudanese
Tamil
Thai
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uzbek
VietnameseUndergraduate and Postgraduate Programmes
September/October Intake 2020
New Intake
Registration: 4 November 2020
Registration: 4 November 2020
Returning students
Registration: 05 and 06 November 2020
Registration: 05 and 06 November 2020
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 09-Nov-20 | 15-Nov-20 | 1 | Lecture |
| 16-Nov-20 | 22-Nov-20 | 2 | Lecture |
| 23-Nov-20 | 29-Nov-20 | 3 | Lecture |
| 30-Nov-20 | 06-Dec-20 | 4 | Lecture |
| 07-Dec-20 | 13-Dec-20 | 5 | Lecture |
| 14-Dec-20 | 20-Dec-20 | 6 | Lecture |
| 21-Dec-20 | 27-Dec-20 | 7 | BREAK |
| 28-Dec-20 | 03-Jan-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 04-Jan-21 | 10-Jan-21 | 9 | Lecture |
| 11-Jan-21 | 17-Jan-21 | 10 | Lecture |
| 18-Jan-21 | 24-Jan-21 | 11 | Lecture |
| 25-Jan-21 | 31-Jan-21 | 12 | Lecture |
| 01-Feb-21 | 07-Feb-21 | 13 | Lecture |
| 08-Feb-21 | 14-Feb-21 | 14 | Lecture |
| 15-Feb-21 | 21-Feb-21 | 15 | Lecture |
| 22-Feb-21 | 23-Feb-21 | Exam Break | |
| 24-Feb-21 | 28-Feb-21 | Final Exam | |
| 01-Mar-21 | 07-Mar-21 | Final Exam | |
| 08-Mar-21 | 14-Mar-21 | Final Exam | |
| 15-Mar-21 | 21-Mar-21 | Sem Break | |
| 22-Mar-21 | 28-Mar-21 | Sem Break | |
| 29-Mar-21 | 04-Apr-21 | Sem Break | |
| 05-Apr-21 | 11-Apr-21 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 14-Nov | (Sat) Deepavali |
| 11-Dec | (Fri) Sultan Selangor Birthday |
| 25-Dec | (Fri) Christmas |
| 01-Jan | (Fri) New Year |
| 12-Feb | (Fri) Chinese New year |
| 13-Feb | (Sat) Chinese New year |
Important Dates
September/October Semester 2020
| Registration for new students | 04-Nov-20 |
| Induction Programme | 04-Nov-20 – 06-Nov-20 |
| Registration for returning students | 05-Nov-20 – 06-Nov-20 |
| First Day of Lecture | 09-Nov-20 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 20-Nov-20 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 04-Dec-20 |
| Lectures | 09-Nov-20 – 20-Dec-20 |
| Break | 21-Dec-20 – 27-Dec-20 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for September Semester 2020 | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 10-Feb-21 |
| Lecture | 28-Dec-20 – 21-Feb-21 |
| Break / Study Week | 22-Feb-21 – 23-Feb-21 |
| Final Examinations |
24-Feb-21 – 14-March-21
|
| Inter-Semester Break | 15-Mar-21 – 11-Apr-21 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
March 2021
New Intake
Registration: 7 April 2021
Registration: 7 April 2021
Returning students
Registration: 8 and 9 April 2021
Registration: 8 and 9 April 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 12-Apr-21 | 18-Apr-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 19-Apr-21 | 25-Apr-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 26-Apr-21 | 2-May-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 3-May-21 | 9-May-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 10-May-21 | 16-May-21 | 5 | Break / Exam Break |
| 17-May-21 | 23-May-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 24-May-21 | 30-May-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 31-May-21 | 6-Jun-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 7-Jun-21 | 13-Jun-21 | 9 | Final Exam |
| 14-Jun-21 | 20-Jun-21 | 10 | Sem Break |
| 21-Jun-21 | 27-Jun-21 | 10 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 29-April | (Thu) Nuzul Quran |
| 1-May | (Sat) Labour Day |
| 13-May | (Thu) Hari Raya Aidil-fitri |
| 14-May | (Fri) Hari Raya Aidil-fitri |
| 7-Jun | (Mon) Agong Birthday |
Important Dates
March 2021
| Registration for new students | 7-Apr-21 |
| Induction Programme | 7-Apr-21 – 9-Apr-21 |
| Registration for returning students | 8-Apr-21 – 9-Apr-21 |
| First Day of Lecture | 12-Apr-21 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 16-Apr-21 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 23-Apr-21 |
| Lectures | 12-Apr-21 – 09-May-21 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 30-May-21 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for March Semester 2021 | 30-May-21 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 30-May-21 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 30-May-21 |
| Break / Study Week | 10-May-21 – 16-May-21 |
| Lectures |
17-May-21 – 6-Jun-21
|
| Final Examinations | 7-Jun-21 – 13-Jun-21 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 14-Jun-21 – 27-Jun-21 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
June 2021
New Intake
Registration: 23 June 2021
Registration: 23 June 2021
Returning students
Registration: 24 and 25 June 2021
Registration: 24 and 25 June 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 28-Jun-21 | 04-Jul-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 05-Jul-21 | 11-Jul-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 12-Jul-21 | 18-Jul-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 19-Jul-21 | 25-Jul-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 26-Jul-21 | 01-Aug-21 | 5 | Lecture |
| 02-Aug-21 | 08-Aug-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 09-Aug-21 | 15-Aug-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 16-Aug-21 | 22-Aug-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 23-Aug-21 | 29-Aug-21 | 9 | Lecture |
| 30-Aug-21 | 05-Sep-21 | 10 | Lecture |
| 06-Sep-21 | 12-Sep-21 | 11 | Lecture |
| 13-Sep-21 | 19-Sep-21 | 12 | Lecture |
| 20-Sep-21 | 26-Sep-21 | 13 | Lecture |
| 27-Sep-21 | 03-Oct-21 | 14 | Lecture |
| 04-Oct-21 (Mon) | 06-Oct-21 (Wed) | 15 | Exam Break |
| 07-Oct-21 (Thu) | 10-Oct-21 | 16 | Final Exam |
| 11-Oct-21 | 17-Oct-21 | 17 | Final Exam |
| 18-Oct-21 | 22-Oct-21 (Fri) | 18 | Final Exam |
| 23-Oct-21 (Sat) | 24-Oct-21 | 18 | Sem Break |
| 25-Oct-21 | 31-Oct-21 | 19 | Sem Break |
| 01-Nov-21 | 07-Nov-21 | 20 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 20-Jul | (Tue) Hari Raya Qurban |
| 10-Aug | (Tue) Awal Muharam |
| 31-Aug | (Tue) National Day |
| 16-Sep | (Thu) Malaysia Day |
| 19-Oct | (Tue) Maulid Rasul |
Important Dates
June 2021
| Registration for new students | 23-Jun-21 |
| Induction Programme | 23-Jun-21 – 25-Jun-21 |
| Registration for returning students | 24-Jun-21 – 25-Jun-21 |
| First Day of Lecture | 28-Jun-21 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 09-Jul-21 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 23-Jul-21 |
| Lectures | 28-Jun-21 – 03-Oct-21 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 24-Sep-21 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for June Semester 2021 | 24-Sep-21 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 24-Sep-21 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 29-Sep-21 |
| Break / Study Week |
02-Oct-21 – 06-Oct-21
|
| Final Examinations | 07-Oct-21 – 22-Oct-21 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 23-Oct-21 – 07-Nov-21 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
September/October 2021
New Intake
Registration: 03 November 2021
Registration: 03 November 2021
Returning students
Registration: 04 and 05 November 2021
Registration: 04 and 05 November 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 08-Nov-21 | 14-Nov-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 15-Nov-21 | 21-Nov-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 22-Nov-21 | 28-Nov-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 29-Nov-21 | 05-Dec-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 06-Dec-21 | 12-Dec-21 | 5 | Lecture |
| 13-Dec-21 | 19-Dec-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 20-Dec-21 | 26-Dec-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 27-Dec-21 | 02-Jan-22 | 8 | Lecture |
| 03-Jan-22 | 09-Jan-22 | 9 | Lecture |
| 10-Jan-22 | 16-Jan-22 | 10 | Lecture |
| 17-Jan-22 | 23-Jan-22 | 11 | Lecture |
| 24-Jan-22 | 30-Jan-22 | 12 | Lecture |
| 31-Jan-22 | 06-Feb-22 | 13 | BREAK |
| 07-Feb-22 | 13-Feb-22 | 14 | Lecture |
| 14-Feb-22 | 20-Feb-22 | 15 | Lecture |
| 21-Feb-22 (Mon) | 22-Feb-22 (Tue) | 16 | Exam Break |
| 23-Feb-22 (Wed) | 27-Feb-22 | 16 | Final Exam |
| 28-Feb-22 | 06-Mar-22 | 17 | Final Exam |
| 07-Mar-22 | 11-Mar-22 (Fri) | 18 | Final Exam |
| 12-Mar-22 (Sat) | 13-Mar-22 | 18 | Sem Break |
| 14-Mar-22 | 20-Mar-22 | 19 | Sem Break |
| 21-Mar-22 | 27-Mar-22 | 20 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 04-Nov | (Thu) Deepavali |
| 25-Dec | (Sat) Christmas |
| 01-Jan | (Sat) New Year |
| 01-Feb | (Tue) Chinese New year |
| 02-Feb | (Wed) Chinese New year |
Important Dates
September/October 2021
| Registration for new students | 03-Nov-21 |
| Induction Programme | 03-Nov-21 – 05-Nov-21 |
| Registration for returning students | 04-Nov-21– 05-Nov-21 |
| First Day of Lecture | 08-Nov-21 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 19-Nov-21 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 03-Dec-21 |
| Lectures | 08-Nov-21 – 30-Jan-22 |
| Break | 31-Jan-22 – 06-Feb-22 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for September Semester 2021 | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 09-Feb-22 |
| Lectures |
07-Feb-22– 20-Feb-22
|
| Break / Study Week |
21-Feb-22 – 23-Feb-22
|
| Final Examinations | 24-Feb-22 – 11-Mar-22 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 12-Mar-22– 27-Mar-22 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
Foundation Programmes
September/October Intake 2020
New Intake
Registration: 4 November 2020
Registration: 4 November 2020
Returning students
Registration: 5 November and 6 November 2020
Registration: 5 November and 6 November 2020
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 09-Nov-20 | 15-Nov-20 | 1 | Lecture |
| 16-Nov-20 | 22-Nov-20 | 2 | Lecture |
| 23-Nov-20 | 29-Nov-20 | 3 | Lecture |
| 30-Nov-20 | 06-Dec-20 | 4 | Lecture |
| 07-Dec-20 | 13-Dec-20 | 5 | Lecture |
| 14-Dec-20 | 20-Dec-20 | 6 | Lecture |
| 21-Dec-20 | 27-Dec-20 | 7 | BREAK |
| 28-Dec-20 | 03-Jan-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 04-Jan-21 | 10-Jan-21 | 9 | Lecture |
| 11-Jan-21 | 17-Jan-21 | 10 | Lecture |
| 18-Jan-21 | 24-Jan-21 | 11 | Lecture |
| 25-Jan-21 | 31-Jan-21 | 12 | Lecture |
| 01-Feb-21 | 07-Feb-21 | 13 | Lecture |
| 08-Feb-21 | 14-Feb-21 | 14 | Lecture |
| 15-Feb-21 | 21-Feb-21 | 15 | Lecture |
| 22-Feb-21 | 23-Feb-21 | Exam Break | |
| 24-Feb-21 | 28-Feb-21 | Final Exam | |
| 01-Mar-21 | 07-Mar-21 | Final Exam | |
| 08-Mar-21 | 12-Mar-21 | Final Exam | |
| 15-Mar-21 | 21-Mar-21 | Sem Break | |
| 22-Mar-21 | 28-Mar-21 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 14-Nov | (Sat) Deepavali |
| 21-Nov | (Wed) Maulidur Rasul |
| 11-Dec | (Fri) Sultan Selangor Birthday |
| 25-Dec | (Fri) Christmas |
| 01-Jan | (Fri) New Year |
| 12-Feb | (Fri) Chinese New year |
| 13-Feb | (Sat) Chinese New year |
Important Dates
September/October Semester 2020
| Registration for new students | 04-Nov-20 |
| Induction Programme | 04-Nov-20 – 06-Nov-20 |
| Registration for returning students | 05-Nov-20 – 06-Nov-20 |
| First Day of Lecture | 09-Nov-20 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 20-Nov-20 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 04-Dec-20 |
| Lectures | 09-Nov-20 – 20-Dec-20 |
| Break | 21-Dec-20 – 27-Dec-20 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for September Semester 2020 | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 05-Feb-21 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 10-Feb-21 |
| Lecture | 28-Dec-20 – 21-Feb-21 |
| Break | 22-Feb-21 – 23-Feb-21 |
| Final Examinations | 24-Feb-21 - 12-March-21 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 15-Mar-21 – 11 April 2021 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
March 2021
New Intake
Registration: 7 April 2021
Registration: 7 April 2021
Returning students
Registration: 8 and 9 April 2021
Registration: 8 and 9 April 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 12-Apr-21 | 18-Apr-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 19-Apr-21 | 25-Apr-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 26-Apr-21 | 02-May-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 03-May-21 | 09-May-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 10-May-21 | 16-May-21 | 5 | Lecture |
| 17-May-21 | 23-May-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 24-May-21 | 30-May-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 31-May-21 | 06-Jun-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 07-Jun-21 | 13-Jun-21 | 9 | Lecture |
| 14-Jun-21 | 20-Jun-21 | 10 | Lecture |
| 21-Jun-21 | 27-Jun-21 | 11 | Lecture |
| 28-Jun-21 | 04-Jul-21 | 12 | Lecture |
| 05-Jul-21 | 11-Jul-21 | 13 | Lecture |
| 12-Jul-21 | 18-Jul-21 | 14 | Lecture |
| 19-Jul-21 | 21-Jul -21(Wed) | 15 | Final Exam |
| 22-Jul -21(Thu) | 25-Jul-21 | 15 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 29-April | (Thu) Nuzul Quran |
| 1-May | (Sat) Labour Day |
| 13-May | (Thu) Hari Raya Aidil-fitri |
| 14-May | (Fri) Hari Raya Aidil-fitri |
| 20-Jul | (Tue) Hari Raya Qurban |
| 7-Jun | (Mon) Agong Birthday |
Important Dates
March 2021
| Registration for new students | 07 April 2021 |
| Induction Programme | 07 April 2021 – 09 April 2021 |
| Registration for returning students | 08 April 2021 – 09 April 2021 |
| First Day of Lecture | 12 April 2021 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 23 April 2021 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 07 May 2021 |
| Lectures | 12 April 2021– 16 July 2021 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 09 July 2021 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for March Semester 2021 | 09 July 2021 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 09 July 2021 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 09 July 2021 |
| Final Examinations | 19 July 2021 – 21 July 2021 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 22 July 2021 – 25 July 2021 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
June 2021
New Intake
Registration: 21 July 2021
Registration: 21 July 2021
Returning students
Registration: 26 July 2021
Registration: 26 July 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 26-Jul-21 | 01-Aug-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 02-Aug-21 | 08-Aug-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 09-Aug-21 | 15-Aug-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 16-Aug-21 | 22-Aug-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 23-Aug-21 | 29-Aug-21 | 5 | Lecture |
| 30-Aug-21 | 05-Sep-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 06-Sep-21 | 12-Sep-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 13-Sep-21 | 19-Sep-21 | 8 | Lecture |
| 20-Sep-21 | 26-Sep-21 | 9 | Lecture |
| 27-Sep-21 | 03-Oct-21 | 10 | Lecture |
| 04-Oct-21 | 10-Oct-21 | 11 | Lecture |
| 11-Oct-21 | 17-Oct-21 | 12 | Lecture |
| 18-Oct-21 | 24-Oct-21 | 13 | Lecture |
| 25-Oct-21 | 31-Oct-21 | 14 | Lecture |
| 01-Nov-21 | 03-Nov -21 (Wed) | 15 | Final Exam |
| 04-Nov-21 (Thu) | 07-Nov-21 | 15 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 10-Aug | (Tue) Awal Muharam |
| 31-Aug | (Tue) National Day |
| 16-Sep | (Thu) Malaysia Day |
| 19-Oct | (Tue) Maulid Rasul |
Important Dates
June 2021
| Registration for new students | 21 July 2021 |
| Induction Programme | 21 July 2021 |
| Registration for returning students | 21 July 2021 |
| First Day of Lecture | 26 July 2021 |
| Lectures | 26 July 2021 – 29 Oct 2021 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 06 August 2021 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 20 August 2021 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 22 October 2021 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for June Semester 2021 | 22 October 2021 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 22 October 2021 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 22 October 2021 |
| Final Examinations | 01 Nov 2021 – 03 Nov 2021 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 04 Nov 2021 – 07 Nov 2021 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.
September/October 2021
New Intake
Registration: 03 November 2021
Registration: 03 November 2021
Returning students
Registration: 04 and 05 November 2021
Registration: 04 and 05 November 2021
| Monday | Sunday | Week | Event |
| 08-Nov-21 | 14-Nov-21 | 1 | Lecture |
| 15-Nov-21 | 21-Nov-21 | 2 | Lecture |
| 22-Nov-21 | 28-Nov-21 | 3 | Lecture |
| 29-Nov-21 | 05-Dec-21 | 4 | Lecture |
| 06-Dec-21 | 12-Dec-21 | 5 | Lecture |
| 13-Dec-21 | 19-Dec-21 | 6 | Lecture |
| 20-Dec-21 | 26-Dec-21 | 7 | Lecture |
| 27-Dec-21 | 02-Jan-22 | 8 | Lecture |
| 03-Jan-22 | 09-Jan-22 | 9 | Lecture |
| 10-Jan-22 | 16-Jan-22 | 10 | Lecture |
| 17-Jan-22 | 23-Jan-22 | 11 | Lecture |
| 24-Jan-22 | 30-Jan-22 | 12 | Lecture |
| 31-Jan-22 | 06-Feb-22 | 13 | BREAK |
| 07-Feb-22 | 13-Feb-22 | 14 | Lecture |
| 14-Feb-22 | 20-Feb-22 | 15 | Lecture |
| 21-Feb-22 (Mon) | 22-Feb-22 (Tue) | 16 | Exam Break |
| 23-Feb-22 (Wed) | 27-Feb-22 | 16 | Final Exam |
| 28-Feb-22 | 06-Mar-22 | 17 | Final Exam |
| 07-Mar-22 | 11-Mar-22 (Fri) | 18 | Final Exam |
| 12-Mar-22 (Sat) | 13-Mar-22 | 18 | Sem Break |
| 14-Mar-22 | 20-Mar-22 | 19 | Sem Break |
| 21-Mar-22 | 27-Mar-22 | 20 | Sem Break |
Public Holidays
| 04-Nov | (Thu) Deepavali |
| 25-Dec | (Sat) Christmas |
| 01-Jan | (Sat) New Year |
| 01-Feb | (Tue) Chinese New year |
| 02-Feb | (Wed) Chinese New year |
Important Dates
September/October 2021
| Registration for new students | 03-Nov-21 |
| Induction Programme | 03-Nov-21 – 05-Nov-21 |
| Registration for returning students | 04-Nov-21 – 05-Nov-21 |
| First Day of Lecture | 08-Nov-21 |
| Last Day for Add/Drop | 19-Nov-21 |
| Last Day for Late Registration | 03-Dec-21 |
| Lectures | 08-Nov-21 – 30-Jan-22 |
| Break | 31-Jan-22 – 06-Feb-22 |
| Last Day for Withdrawal with 'W' grade ** | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last day to submit an Application for Graduation for September Semester 2021 | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last Day for Postponement of Semester** | 28-Jan-22 |
| Last Day to settle all fees | 09-Feb-22 |
| Lectures | 07-Feb-22 – 20-Feb-22 |
| Break / Study Week | 21-Feb-22– 23-Feb-22 |
| Final Examinations | 24-Feb-22 – 11-Mar-22 |
| Inter-Semester Break | 12-Mar-22 – 27-Mar-22 |
Note**: Please refer to Bursary Department for your financial obligations to the University that were in place at the time of postponement or withdrawal.